path: root/upb/pb/encoder.c

/*
 * upb - a minimalist implementation of protocol buffers.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2014 Google Inc.  See LICENSE for details.
 * Author: Josh Haberman <jhaberman@gmail.com>
 *
 * Since we are implementing pure handlers (ie. without any out-of-band access
 * to pre-computed lengths), we have to buffer all submessages before we can
 * emit even their first byte.
 *
 * Not knowing the size of submessages also means we can't write a perfect
 * zero-copy implementation, even with buffering.  Lengths are stored as
 * varints, which means that we don't know how many bytes to reserve for the
 * length until we know what the length is.
 *
 * This leaves us with three main choices:
 *
 * 1. buffer all submessage data in a temporary buffer, then copy it exactly
 *    once into the output buffer.
 *
 * 2. attempt to buffer data directly into the output buffer, estimating how
 *    many bytes each length will take.  When our guesses are wrong, use
 *    memmove() to grow or shrink the allotted space.
 *
 * 3. buffer directly into the output buffer, allocating a max length
 *    ahead-of-time for each submessage length.  If we overallocated, we waste
 *    space, but no memcpy() or memmove() is required.  This approach requires
 *    defining a maximum size for submessages and rejecting submessages that
 *    exceed that size.
 *
 * (2) and (3) have the potential to have better performance, but they are more
 * complicated and subtle to implement:
 *
 *   (3) requires making an arbitrary choice of the maximum message size; it
 *       wastes space when submessages are shorter than this and fails
 *       completely when they are longer.  This makes it more finicky and
 *       requires configuration based on the input.  It also makes it impossible
 *       to perfectly match the output of reference encoders that always use the
 *       optimal amount of space for each length.
 *
 *   (2) requires guessing the the size upfront, and if multiple lengths are
 *       guessed wrong the minimum required number of memmove() operations may
 *       be complicated to compute correctly.  Implemented properly, it may have
 *       a useful amortized or average cost, but more investigation is required
 *       to determine this and what the optimal algorithm is to achieve it.
 *
 *   (1) makes you always pay for exactly one copy, but its implementation is
 *       the simplest and its performance is predictable.
 *
 * So for now, we implement (1) only.  If we wish to optimize later, we should
 * be able to do it without affecting users.
 *
 * The strategy is to buffer the segments of data that do *not* depend on
 * unknown lengths in one buffer, and keep a separate buffer of segment pointers
 * and lengths.  When the top-level submessage ends, we can go beginning to end,
 * alternating the writing of lengths with memcpy() of the rest of the data.
 * At the top level though, no buffering is required.
 */

#include "upb/pb/encoder.h"
#include "upb/pb/varint.int.h"

#include <stdlib.h>

/* low-level buffering ********************************************************/

// Low-level functions for interacting with the output buffer.

// TODO(haberman): handle pushback
static void putbuf(upb_pb_encoder *e, const char *buf, size_t len) {
  size_t n = upb_bytessink_putbuf(e->output_, e->subc, buf, len, NULL);
  UPB_ASSERT_VAR(n, n == len);
}

static upb_pb_encoder_segment *top(upb_pb_encoder *e) {
  return &e->segbuf[*e->top];
}

// Call to ensure that at least "bytes" bytes are available for writing at
// e->ptr.  Returns false if the bytes could not be allocated.
static bool reserve(upb_pb_encoder *e, size_t bytes) {
  if ((e->limit - e->ptr) < bytes) {
    size_t needed = bytes + (e->ptr - e->buf);
    size_t old_size = e->limit - e->buf;
    size_t new_size = old_size;
    while (new_size < needed) {
      new_size *= 2;
    }

    char *realloc_from = (e->buf == e->initbuf) ? NULL : e->buf;
    char *new_buf = realloc(realloc_from, new_size);

    if (new_buf == NULL) {
      return false;
    }

    if (realloc_from == NULL) {
      memcpy(new_buf, e->initbuf, old_size);
    }

    e->ptr = new_buf + (e->ptr - e->buf);
    e->runbegin = new_buf + (e->runbegin - e->buf);
    e->limit = new_buf + new_size;
    e->buf = new_buf;
  }

  return true;
}

// Call when "bytes" bytes have been writte at e->ptr.  The caller *must* have
// previously called reserve() with at least this many bytes.
static void advance(upb_pb_encoder *e, size_t bytes) {
  assert((e->limit - e->ptr) >= bytes);
  e->ptr += bytes;
}

// Call when all of the bytes for a handler have been written.  Flushes the
// bytes if possible and necessary, returning false if this failed.
static bool commit(upb_pb_encoder *e) {
  if (!e->top) {
    // We aren't inside a delimited region.  Flush our accumulated bytes to
    // the output.
    //
    // TODO(haberman): in the future we may want to delay flushing for
    // efficiency reasons.
    putbuf(e, e->buf, e->ptr - e->buf);
    e->ptr = e->buf;
  }

  return true;
}

// Writes the given bytes to the buffer, handling reserve/advance.
static bool encode_bytes(upb_pb_encoder *e, const void *data, size_t len) {
  if (!reserve(e, len)) {
    return false;
  }

  memcpy(e->ptr, data, len);
  advance(e, len);
  return true;
}

// Finish the current run by adding the run totals to the segment and message
// length.
static void accumulate(upb_pb_encoder *e) {
  assert(e->ptr >= e->runbegin);
  size_t run_len = e->ptr - e->runbegin;
  e->segptr->seglen += run_len;
  top(e)->msglen += run_len;
  e->runbegin = e->ptr;
}

// Call to indicate the start of delimited region for which the full length is
// not yet known.  All data will be buffered until the length is known.
// Delimited regions may be nested; their lengths will all be tracked properly.
static bool start_delim(upb_pb_encoder *e) {
  if (e->top) {
    // We are already buffering, advance to the next segment and push it on the
    // stack.
    accumulate(e);

    if (++e->top == e->stacklimit) {
      // TODO(haberman): grow stack?
      return false;
    }

    if (++e->segptr == e->seglimit) {
      upb_pb_encoder_segment *realloc_from =
          (e->segbuf == e->seginitbuf) ? NULL : e->segbuf;
      size_t old_size =
          (e->seglimit - e->segbuf) * sizeof(upb_pb_encoder_segment);
      size_t new_size = old_size * 2;
      upb_pb_encoder_segment *new_buf = realloc(realloc_from, new_size);

      if (new_buf == NULL) {
        return false;
      }

      if (realloc_from == NULL) {
        memcpy(new_buf, e->seginitbuf, old_size);
      }

      e->segptr = new_buf + (e->segptr - e->segbuf);
      e->seglimit = new_buf + (new_size / sizeof(upb_pb_encoder_segment));
      e->segbuf = new_buf;
    }
  } else {
    // We were previously at the top level, start buffering.
    e->segptr = e->segbuf;
    e->top = e->stack;
    e->runbegin = e->ptr;
  }

  *e->top = e->segptr - e->segbuf;
  e->segptr->seglen = 0;
  e->segptr->msglen = 0;

  return true;
}

// Call to indicate the end of a delimited region.  We now know the length of
// the delimited region.  If we are not nested inside any other delimited
// regions, we can now emit all of the buffered data we accumulated.
static bool end_delim(upb_pb_encoder *e) {
  accumulate(e);
  size_t msglen = top(e)->msglen;

  if (e->top == e->stack) {
    // All lengths are now available, emit all buffered data.
    char buf[UPB_PB_VARINT_MAX_LEN];
    upb_pb_encoder_segment *s;
    const char *ptr = e->buf;
    for (s = e->segbuf; s <= e->segptr; s++) {
      size_t lenbytes = upb_vencode64(s->msglen, buf);
      putbuf(e, buf, lenbytes);
      putbuf(e, ptr, s->seglen);
      ptr += s->seglen;
    }

    e->ptr = e->buf;
    e->top = NULL;
  } else {
    // Need to keep buffering; propagate length info into enclosing submessages.
    --e->top;
    top(e)->msglen += msglen + upb_varint_size(msglen);
  }

  return true;
}


/* tag_t **********************************************************************/

// A precomputed (pre-encoded) tag and length.

typedef struct {
  uint8_t bytes;
  char tag[7];
} tag_t;

// Allocates a new tag for this field, and sets it in these handlerattr.
static void new_tag(upb_handlers *h, const upb_fielddef *f, upb_wiretype_t wt,
                    upb_handlerattr *attr) {
  uint32_t n = upb_fielddef_number(f);

  tag_t *tag = malloc(sizeof(tag_t));
  tag->bytes = upb_vencode64((n << 3) | wt, tag->tag);

  upb_handlerattr_init(attr);
  upb_handlerattr_sethandlerdata(attr, tag);
  upb_handlers_addcleanup(h, tag, free);
}

static bool encode_tag(upb_pb_encoder *e, const tag_t *tag) {
  return encode_bytes(e, tag->tag, tag->bytes);
}


/* encoding of wire types *****************************************************/

static bool encode_fixed64(upb_pb_encoder *e, uint64_t val) {
  // TODO(haberman): byte-swap for big endian.
  return encode_bytes(e, &val, sizeof(uint64_t));
}

static bool encode_fixed32(upb_pb_encoder *e, uint32_t val) {
  // TODO(haberman): byte-swap for big endian.
  return encode_bytes(e, &val, sizeof(uint32_t));
}

static bool encode_varint(upb_pb_encoder *e, uint64_t val) {
  if (!reserve(e, UPB_PB_VARINT_MAX_LEN)) {
    return false;
  }

  advance(e, upb_vencode64(val, e->ptr));
  return true;
}

static uint64_t dbl2uint64(double d) {
  uint64_t ret;
  memcpy(&ret, &d, sizeof(uint64_t));
  return ret;
}

static uint32_t flt2uint32(float d) {
  uint32_t ret;
  memcpy(&ret, &d, sizeof(uint32_t));
  return ret;
}


/* encoding of proto types ****************************************************/

static bool startmsg(void *c, const void *hd) {
  upb_pb_encoder *e = c;
  UPB_UNUSED(hd);
  if (e->depth++ == 0) {
    upb_bytessink_start(e->output_, 0, &e->subc);
  }
  return true;
}

static bool endmsg(void *c, const void *hd, upb_status *status) {
  upb_pb_encoder *e = c;
  UPB_UNUSED(hd);
  UPB_UNUSED(status);
  if (--e->depth == 0) {
    upb_bytessink_end(e->output_);
  }
  return true;
}

static void *encode_startdelimfield(void *c, const void *hd) {
  bool ok = encode_tag(c, hd) && commit(c) && start_delim(c);
  return ok ? c : UPB_BREAK;
}

static bool encode_enddelimfield(void *c, const void *hd) {
  UPB_UNUSED(hd);
  return end_delim(c);
}

static void *encode_startgroup(void *c, const void *hd) {
  return (encode_tag(c, hd) && commit(c)) ? c : UPB_BREAK;
}

static bool encode_endgroup(void *c, const void *hd) {
  return encode_tag(c, hd) && commit(c);
}

static void *encode_startstr(void *c, const void *hd, size_t size_hint) {
  UPB_UNUSED(size_hint);
  return encode_startdelimfield(c, hd);
}

static size_t encode_strbuf(void *c, const void *hd, const char *buf,
                            size_t len, const upb_bufhandle *h) {
  UPB_UNUSED(hd);
  UPB_UNUSED(h);
  return encode_bytes(c, buf, len) ? len : 0;
}

#define T(type, ctype, convert, encode)                                  \
  static bool encode_scalar_##type(void *e, const void *hd, ctype val) { \
    return encode_tag(e, hd) && encode(e, (convert)(val)) && commit(e);  \
  }                                                                      \
  static bool encode_packed_##type(void *e, const void *hd, ctype val) { \
    UPB_UNUSED(hd);                                                      \
    return encode(e, (convert)(val));                                    \
  }

T(double,   double,   dbl2uint64,   encode_fixed64)
T(float,    float,    flt2uint32,   encode_fixed32);
T(int64,    int64_t,  uint64_t,     encode_varint);
T(int32,    int32_t,  uint32_t,     encode_varint);
T(fixed64,  uint64_t, uint64_t,     encode_fixed64);
T(fixed32,  uint32_t, uint32_t,     encode_fixed32);
T(bool,     bool,     bool,         encode_varint);
T(uint32,   uint32_t, uint32_t,     encode_varint);
T(uint64,   uint64_t, uint64_t,     encode_varint);
T(enum,     int32_t,  uint32_t,     encode_varint);
T(sfixed32, int32_t,  uint32_t,     encode_fixed32);
T(sfixed64, int64_t,  uint64_t,     encode_fixed64);
T(sint32,   int32_t,  upb_zzenc_32, encode_varint);
T(sint64,   int64_t,  upb_zzenc_64, encode_varint);

#undef T


/* code to build the handlers *************************************************/

static void newhandlers_callback(const void *closure, upb_handlers *h) {
  UPB_UNUSED(closure);

  upb_handlers_setstartmsg(h, startmsg, NULL);
  upb_handlers_setendmsg(h, endmsg, NULL);

  const upb_msgdef *m = upb_handlers_msgdef(h);
  upb_msg_iter i;
  for(upb_msg_begin(&i, m); !upb_msg_done(&i); upb_msg_next(&i)) {
    const upb_fielddef *f = upb_msg_iter_field(&i);
    bool packed = upb_fielddef_isseq(f) && upb_fielddef_isprimitive(f) &&
                  upb_fielddef_packed(f);
    upb_handlerattr attr;
    upb_wiretype_t wt =
        packed ? UPB_WIRE_TYPE_DELIMITED
               : upb_pb_native_wire_types[upb_fielddef_descriptortype(f)];

    // Pre-encode the tag for this field.
    new_tag(h, f, wt, &attr);

    if (packed) {
      upb_handlers_setstartseq(h, f, encode_startdelimfield, &attr);
      upb_handlers_setendseq(h, f, encode_enddelimfield, &attr);
    }

#define T(upper, lower, upbtype)                                     \
  case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_##upper:                                  \
    if (packed) {                                                    \
      upb_handlers_set##upbtype(h, f, encode_packed_##lower, &attr); \
    } else {                                                         \
      upb_handlers_set##upbtype(h, f, encode_scalar_##lower, &attr); \
    }                                                                \
    break;

    switch (upb_fielddef_descriptortype(f)) {
      T(DOUBLE,   double,   double);
      T(FLOAT,    float,    float);
      T(INT64,    int64,    int64);
      T(INT32,    int32,    int32);
      T(FIXED64,  fixed64,  uint64);
      T(FIXED32,  fixed32,  uint32);
      T(BOOL,     bool,     bool);
      T(UINT32,   uint32,   uint32);
      T(UINT64,   uint64,   uint64);
      T(ENUM,     enum,     int32);
      T(SFIXED32, sfixed32, int32);
      T(SFIXED64, sfixed64, int64);
      T(SINT32,   sint32,   int32);
      T(SINT64,   sint64,   int64);
      case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STRING:
      case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_BYTES:
        upb_handlers_setstartstr(h, f, encode_startstr, &attr);
        upb_handlers_setendstr(h, f, encode_enddelimfield, &attr);
        upb_handlers_setstring(h, f, encode_strbuf, &attr);
        break;
      case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_MESSAGE:
        upb_handlers_setstartsubmsg(h, f, encode_startdelimfield, &attr);
        upb_handlers_setendsubmsg(h, f, encode_enddelimfield, &attr);
        break;
      case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_GROUP: {
        // Endgroup takes a different tag (wire_type = END_GROUP).
        upb_handlerattr attr2;
        new_tag(h, f, UPB_WIRE_TYPE_END_GROUP, &attr2);

        upb_handlers_setstartsubmsg(h, f, encode_startgroup, &attr);
        upb_handlers_setendsubmsg(h, f, encode_endgroup, &attr2);

        upb_handlerattr_uninit(&attr2);
        break;
      }
    }

#undef T

    upb_handlerattr_uninit(&attr);
  }
}


/* public API *****************************************************************/

const upb_handlers *upb_pb_encoder_newhandlers(const upb_msgdef *m,
                                               const void *owner) {
  return upb_handlers_newfrozen(m, owner, newhandlers_callback, NULL);
}

#define ARRAYSIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(x[0]))

void upb_pb_encoder_init(upb_pb_encoder *e, const upb_handlers *h) {
  e->output_ = NULL;
  e->subc = NULL;
  e->buf = e->initbuf;
  e->ptr = e->buf;
  e->limit = e->buf + ARRAYSIZE(e->initbuf);
  e->segbuf = e->seginitbuf;
  e->seglimit = e->segbuf + ARRAYSIZE(e->seginitbuf);
  e->stacklimit = e->stack + ARRAYSIZE(e->stack);
  upb_sink_reset(&e->input_, h, e);
}

void upb_pb_encoder_uninit(upb_pb_encoder *e) {
  if (e->buf != e->initbuf) {
    free(e->buf);
  }

  if (e->segbuf != e->seginitbuf) {
    free(e->segbuf);
  }
}

void upb_pb_encoder_resetoutput(upb_pb_encoder *e, upb_bytessink *output) {
  upb_pb_encoder_reset(e);
  e->output_ = output;
  e->subc = output->closure;
}

void upb_pb_encoder_reset(upb_pb_encoder *e) {
  e->segptr = NULL;
  e->top = NULL;
  e->depth = 0;
}

upb_sink *upb_pb_encoder_input(upb_pb_encoder *e) { return &e->input_; }