/*****************************************************************************/
/*!
 * \file c_interface.cpp
 *
 * Authors: Clark Barrett
 *          Cristian Cadar
 *
 * Created: Thu Jun  5 10:34:02 2003
 *
 * <hr>
 *
 * License to use, copy, modify, sell and/or distribute this software
 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without
 * royalty, subject to the terms and conditions defined in the \ref
 * LICENSE file provided with this distribution.
 *
 * <hr>
 *
 */
/*****************************************************************************/


#include <strings.h>
#include "bindings/compat/c/c_interface_defs.h"
#include "compat/cvc3_compat.h"
//#include "vc.h"
//#include "command_line_flags.h"
//#include "parser.h"
//#include "vc_cmd.h"
//#include "theory_bitvector.h"
//#include "fdstream.h"
#include <string>
#include <cassert>
#include <cerrno>
#include <unistd.h>

#ifdef CVC4_DEBUG
#  define DebugAssert(cond, str) assert(cond)
#  define IF_DEBUG(x) x
#else
#  define DebugAssert(...)
#  define IF_DEBUG(x)
#endif

using namespace std;


// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  Debugging
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------

// + will mean OK
// - will mean error
int c_interface_error_flag = 1;
const int error_int = -100;
const char* c_interface_error_message = "An Exception Occured: System in a compromised state.";
string c_interface_error_string;
// Used to return char* values.  Note that the value is only good until
// the next call to a function returning char*
static string tmpString;

void signal_error(const char* message,int flag_val,CVC3::Exception ex){
  ostringstream ss;
  ss << c_interface_error_message << endl;
  ss << "Message: " << message << endl;
  ss << "Exception: " << ex << endl;
  IF_DEBUG(cerr << ss.str();)
  c_interface_error_string = ss.str();
  c_interface_error_flag = flag_val;
}

extern "C" int vc_get_error_status(){
  return c_interface_error_flag;
}

extern "C" void vc_reset_error_status(){
  c_interface_error_flag = 1;
  c_interface_error_string = "";
}

extern "C" char* vc_get_error_string() {
  return (char*) (c_interface_error_string.c_str());
}


// Private to implementation

class CInterface {
public:
  static CVC3::Type fromType(Type t);
  static Type toType(const CVC3::Type& t);
  static CVC3::Expr fromExpr(Expr e);
  static Expr toExpr(const CVC3::Expr& e);
  static CVC3::Op fromOp(Op op);
  static Op toOp(VC vc, const CVC3::Op& op);
  //  static CVC3::Proof fromProof(Proof proof);
  //  static Proof toProof(const CVC3::Proof& proof);
  static void deleteExpr(Expr e);
  static void deleteType(Type t);
  static void deleteVector(Expr* vec);
};


CVC3::Type CInterface::fromType(Type t)
{
  return *(CVC3::Type*)t;
}


Type CInterface::toType(const CVC3::Type& t)
{
  if(t.isNull()) return NULL;
  return Type(new CVC3::Type(t));
}


CVC3::Expr CInterface::fromExpr(Expr e)
{
  return *(CVC3::Expr*)e;
}


Expr CInterface::toExpr(const CVC3::Expr& e)
{
  if(e.isNull()) return NULL;
  return Expr(new CVC3::Expr(e));
}


CVC3::Op CInterface::fromOp(Op op)
{
  return *(CVC3::Op*)op;
}


Op CInterface::toOp(VC vc, const CVC3::Op& op)
{
  if (op.isNull()) return NULL;
  return Op(new CVC3::Op(op));
}


// CVC3::Proof CInterface::fromProof(Proof proof)
// {
//   return CVC3::Proof(fromExpr(proof));
// }


// Proof CInterface::toProof(const CVC3::Proof& proof)
// {
//   return toExpr(proof.getExpr());
// }


void CInterface::deleteExpr(Expr e)
{
  if (e) delete (CVC3::Expr*)e;
}

void CInterface::deleteType(Type t)
{
  if (t) delete (CVC3::Type*)t;
}

void CInterface::deleteVector(Expr* e)
{
  if (e) delete [] e;
}


static CVC3::Type fromType(Type t) { return CInterface::fromType(t); }
static Type toType(const CVC3::Type& t) { return CInterface::toType(t); }
static CVC3::Expr fromExpr(Expr e) { return CInterface::fromExpr(e); }
static Expr toExpr(const CVC3::Expr& e) { return CInterface::toExpr(e); }
static CVC3::Op fromOp(Op op) { return CInterface::fromOp(op); }
static Op toOp(VC vc, const CVC3::Op& op) { return CInterface::toOp(vc, op); }
// static CVC3::Proof fromProof(Proof proof) { return CInterface::fromProof(proof); }
// static Proof toProof(const CVC3::Proof& proof) { return CInterface::toProof(proof); }


static char *val_to_binary_str(unsigned nbits, unsigned long val) {
        char s[65];

	assert(nbits < sizeof s);
        strcpy(s, "");
        while(nbits-- > 0) {
                if((val >> nbits) & 1)
                        strcat(s, "1");
                else
                        strcat(s, "0");
        }
        return strdup(s);
}


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Begin implementation of C interface                                   //
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


extern "C" VC vc_createValidityChecker(Flags flags) {
  try{
    CVC3::CLFlags f = (flags==NULL)? CVC3::ValidityChecker::createFlags()
      : *((CVC3::CLFlags*)flags);
    return (VC)CVC3::ValidityChecker::create(f);
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_createValidityChecker",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Flags vc_createFlags() {
  try{
  return new CVC3::CLFlags(CVC3::ValidityChecker::createFlags());
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_createFlags",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_destroyValidityChecker(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  delete cvc;
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_destroyVelidityChecker",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_deleteFlags(Flags flags) {
  try{
  delete ((CVC3::CLFlags*)flags);
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_deleteFlags",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_deleteExpr(Expr e)
{
  try{
  CInterface::deleteExpr(e);
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_deleteExpr",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_deleteType(Type t)
{
  try{
  CInterface::deleteType(t);
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_deleteType",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_deleteOp(Op op)
{
  vc_deleteExpr(op);
}


extern "C" void vc_deleteVector(Expr* e)
{
  try{
  CInterface::deleteVector(e);
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_deleteVector",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_deleteTypeVector(Type* e)
{
  vc_deleteVector(e);
}


extern "C" void vc_setBoolFlag(Flags flags, char* name, int val) {
  try{
  CVC3::CLFlags& f = *((CVC3::CLFlags*)flags);
  f.setFlag(name, (val!=0));
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_setBoolFlag",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_setIntFlag(Flags flags, char* name, int val) {
  try{
  CVC3::CLFlags& f = *((CVC3::CLFlags*)flags);
  f.setFlag(name, val);
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_setIntFlag",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_setStringFlag(Flags flags, char* name, char* val) {
  try{
  CVC3::CLFlags& f = *((CVC3::CLFlags*)flags);
  f.setFlag(name, string(val));
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_setStringFlag",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_setStrSeqFlag(Flags flags, char* name, char* str, int val) {
  try{
  CVC3::CLFlags& f = *((CVC3::CLFlags*)flags);
  f.setFlag(name, pair<string,bool>(string(str), val!=0));
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_setStrSeqFlag",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_boolType(VC vc)
{
  try{
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    return toType(cvc->boolType());
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_boolType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_realType(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->realType());
  }catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_realType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_intType(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->intType());
  }catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_intType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_subRangeType(VC vc, int lowerEnd, int upperEnd)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->subrangeType(cvc->ratExpr(lowerEnd),
                                  cvc->ratExpr(upperEnd)));
  }catch (CVC3::Exception &ex){
    signal_error("vc_subRangeType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_subtypeType(VC vc, Expr pred, Expr witness)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->subtypeType(fromExpr(pred), fromExpr(witness)));
  }catch (CVC3::Exception &ex){
    signal_error("vc_subtypeType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_tupleType2(VC vc, Type type0, Type type1)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->tupleType(fromType(type0), fromType(type1)));
  }catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_tupleType2",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_tupleType3(VC vc, Type type0, Type type1, Type type2)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->tupleType(fromType(type0), fromType(type1),
			       fromType(type2)));
  }catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_tupleType3",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_tupleTypeN(VC vc, Type* types, int numTypes)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Type> cvcTypes;
  for (int i = 0; i < numTypes; ++i) {
    cvcTypes.push_back(fromType(types[i]));
  }
  return toType(cvc->tupleType(cvcTypes));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_tupleTypeN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_recordType1(VC vc, char* field, Type type)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->recordType(field, fromType(type)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_recordType1",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_recordType2(VC vc, char* field0, Type type0,
                                      char* field1, Type type1)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->recordType(field0, fromType(type0),
				field1, fromType(type1)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_recordType2",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_recordType3(VC vc, char* field0, Type type0,
			              char* field1, Type type1,
                                      char* field2, Type type2)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->recordType(field0, fromType(type0),
				field1, fromType(type1),
				field2, fromType(type2)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_recordType3",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_recordTypeN(VC vc, char** fields, Type* types,
			       int numFields)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<std::string> cvcFields;
  vector<CVC3::Type> cvcTypes;
  for (int i = 0; i < numFields; ++i) {
    cvcFields.push_back(fields[i]);
    cvcTypes.push_back(fromType(types[i]));
  }
  return toType(cvc->recordType(cvcFields, cvcTypes));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_recordTypeN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_dataType1(VC vc, char* name, char* constructor, int arity,
                             char** selectors, Expr* types)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  string cvcName(name);
  string cvcConstructor(constructor);
  vector<string> cvcSelectors;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcTypes;
  for (int i = 0; i < arity; ++i) {
    cvcSelectors.push_back(selectors[i]);
    cvcTypes.push_back(fromExpr(types[i]));
  }
  return toType(cvc->dataType(cvcName, cvcConstructor, cvcSelectors, cvcTypes));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_dataType1",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_dataTypeN(VC vc, char* name, int numCons, char** constructors,
                             int* arities, char*** selectors, Expr** types)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  string cvcName(name);
  vector<string> cvcConstructors;
  vector<vector<string> > cvcSelectors(numCons);
  vector<vector<CVC3::Expr> > cvcTypes(numCons);
  for (int i = 0; i < numCons; ++i) {
    cvcConstructors.push_back(constructors[i]);
    for (int j = 0; j < arities[i]; ++j) {
      cvcSelectors[i].push_back(selectors[i][j]);
      cvcTypes[i].push_back(fromExpr(types[i][j]));
    }
  }
  return toType(cvc->dataType(cvcName, cvcConstructors,
                              cvcSelectors, cvcTypes));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_dataTypeN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type* vc_dataTypeMN(VC vc, int numTypes, char** names,
                               int* numCons, char*** constructors,
                               int** arities, char**** selectors,
                               Expr*** types)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<string> cvcNames;
  vector<vector<string> > cvcConstructors(numTypes);
  vector<vector<vector<string> > > cvcSelectors(numTypes);
  vector<vector<vector<CVC3::Expr> > > cvcTypes(numTypes);
  int i;
  for (i = 0; i < numTypes; ++i) {
    cvcNames.push_back(names[i]);
    cvcSelectors[i].resize(numCons[i]);
    cvcTypes[i].resize(numCons[i]);
    for (int j = 0; i < numCons[i]; ++j) {
      cvcConstructors[i].push_back(constructors[i][j]);
      for (int k = 0; k < arities[i][j]; ++k) {
        cvcSelectors[i][j].push_back(selectors[i][j][k]);
        cvcTypes[i][j].push_back(fromExpr(types[i][j][k]));
      }
    }
  }
  vector<CVC3::Type> cvcReturnTypes;
  cvc->dataType(cvcNames, cvcConstructors,
                cvcSelectors, cvcTypes, cvcReturnTypes);
  Type* returnTypes = new Type[numTypes];
  for (i = 0; i < numTypes; ++i) {
    returnTypes[i] = toType(cvcReturnTypes[i]);
  }
  return returnTypes;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_dataTypeN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_arrayType(VC vc, Type typeIndex, Type typeData)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->arrayType(fromType(typeIndex), fromType(typeData)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_arrayType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_bvType(VC vc, int n)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->bitvecType(n));
  }catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_funType1(VC vc, Type typeDom, Type typeRan)
{
  try{
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    return toType(cvc->funType(fromType(typeDom), fromType(typeRan)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_funType1",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_funType2(VC vc, Type a1, Type a2, Type typeRan)
{
  try{
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    vector<CVC3::Type> args;
    args.push_back(fromType(a1));
    args.push_back(fromType(a2));
    return toType(cvc->funType(args, fromType(typeRan)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_funType2",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_funType3(VC vc, Type a1, Type a2, Type a3, Type typeRan)
{
  try {
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    vector<CVC3::Type> args;
    args.push_back(fromType(a1));
    args.push_back(fromType(a2));
    args.push_back(fromType(a3));
    return toType(cvc->funType(args, fromType(typeRan)));
  } catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_funType3",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_funTypeN(VC vc, Type* a, Type typeRan, int numArgs)
{
  try{
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    vector<CVC3::Type> args;
    for(int i=0; i<numArgs; ++i)
      args.push_back(fromType(*(a+i)));
    return toType(cvc->funType(args, fromType(typeRan)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_funTypeN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_createType(VC vc, char* typeName)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->createType(typeName));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_createType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_lookupType(VC vc, char* typeName)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->lookupType(typeName));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_lookupType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Expr manipulation methods                                               //
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


extern "C" ExprManager vc_getEM(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return (ExprManager)cvc->getEM();
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getEM",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_varExpr(VC vc, char* name, Type type)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->varExpr(name, fromType(type)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_varExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_varExprDef(VC vc, char* name, Type type, Expr def)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->varExpr(name, fromType(type), fromExpr(def)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_varExprDef",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_lookupVar(VC vc, char* name, Type* type)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  CVC3::Type t;
  Expr e = toExpr(cvc->lookupVar(name, &t));
  *type = toType(t);
  return e;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_lookupVar",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_getType(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->getType(fromExpr(e)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_getBaseType(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->getBaseType(fromExpr(e)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getBaseType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_getBaseTypeOfType(VC vc, Type t)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->getBaseType(fromType(t)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getBaseTypeOfType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getTypePred(VC vc, Type t, Expr e)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->getTypePred(fromType(t), fromExpr(e)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getTypePred",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_stringExpr(VC vc, char* str)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->stringExpr(str));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_stringExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_idExpr(VC vc, char* str)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->idExpr(str));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_idExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_listExpr(VC vc, int numKids, Expr* kids)
{
  try{
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    vector<CVC3::Expr> args;
    for(int i=0; i<numKids; ++i)
      args.push_back(fromExpr(kids[i]));
    return toExpr(cvc->listExpr(args));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_listExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_printExpr(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  cvc->printExpr(fromExpr(e));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_printExpr",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" char* vc_printExprString(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
    ostringstream os;
    string aa;
    char*  result;
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    cvc->printExpr(fromExpr(e), os);
    os.flush();
    aa=os.str();
    result=new char[aa.length()+1];
    strcpy(result,aa.c_str());
    return result;
  } catch(CVC3::Exception ex) {
    signal_error("vc_printExprString",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_deleteString(char* str)
{
  if (str) delete [] str;
}


extern "C" void vc_printExprFile(VC vc, Expr e, int fd)
{
  try {
    stringstream ss;
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    cvc->printExpr(fromExpr(e), ss);
    string s = ss.str();
    ssize_t e = write(fd, s.c_str(), s.size());
    if(e < 0) {
      IF_DEBUG(cerr << "write() failed, errno == " << errno << endl;)
      c_interface_error_string = "write() failed";
      c_interface_error_flag = errno;
    }
  } catch(CVC3::Exception ex) {
    signal_error("vc_printExpr",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_importExpr(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->importExpr(fromExpr(e)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_importExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_importType(VC vc, Type e)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toType(cvc->importType(fromType(e)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_importType",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_eqExpr(VC vc, Expr child0, Expr child1)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->eqExpr(fromExpr(child0), fromExpr(child1)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_eqExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}

extern "C" Expr vc_distinctExpr(VC vc, Expr* children, int numChildren)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcExprs;
  for (int i = 0; i < numChildren; ++i) {
    cvcExprs.push_back(fromExpr(children[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->distinctExpr(cvcExprs));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
  signal_error("vc_distinctExpr",error_int,ex);
  return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_trueExpr(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->trueExpr());
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_trueExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_falseExpr(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->falseExpr());
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_falseExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_notExpr(VC vc, Expr child)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->notExpr(fromExpr(child)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_notExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_andExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->andExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_andExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_andExprN(VC vc, Expr* children, int numChildren)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcExprs;
  for (int i = 0; i < numChildren; ++i) {
    cvcExprs.push_back(fromExpr(children[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->andExpr(cvcExprs));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_andExprN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_orExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->orExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_orExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_orExprN(VC vc, Expr* children, int numChildren)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcExprs;
  for (int i = 0; i < numChildren; ++i) {
    cvcExprs.push_back(fromExpr(children[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->orExpr(cvcExprs));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_orExprN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_impliesExpr(VC vc, Expr hyp, Expr conc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->impliesExpr(fromExpr(hyp), fromExpr(conc)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_impliesExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_iffExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->iffExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_iffExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_iteExpr(VC vc, Expr ifpart, Expr thenpart, Expr elsepart)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->iteExpr(fromExpr(ifpart), fromExpr(thenpart),
			     fromExpr(elsepart)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_iteExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_substExpr(VC vc, Expr e,
                             Expr* oldTerms, int numOldTerms,
                             Expr* newTerms, int numNewTerms)
{
  try{
  vector<CVC3::Expr> oldExprs, newExprs;
  CVC3::Expr ex = fromExpr(e);
  //CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  for (int i = 0; i < numOldTerms; ++i) {
    oldExprs.push_back(fromExpr(oldTerms[i]));
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < numNewTerms; ++i) {
    newExprs.push_back(fromExpr(newTerms[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(ex.substExpr(oldExprs, newExprs));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_substExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}



extern "C" Op vc_createOp(VC vc, char* name, Type type)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toOp(vc, cvc->createOp(name, fromType(type)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_createOp",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Op vc_createOpDef(VC vc, char* name, Type type, Expr def)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toOp(vc, cvc->createOp(name, fromType(type), fromExpr(def)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_createOpDef",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Op vc_lookupOp(VC vc, char* name, Type* type)
{
  try{
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    CVC3::Type t;
    Op op = toOp(vc, cvc->lookupOp(name, &t));
    *type = toType(t);
    return op;
  } catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_lookupOp",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_funExpr1(VC vc, Op op, Expr child)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->funExpr(fromOp(op), fromExpr(child)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_funExpr1",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_funExpr2(VC vc, Op op, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->funExpr(fromOp(op), fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_funExpr2",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_funExpr3(VC vc, Op op, Expr child0, Expr child1,
			    Expr child2)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->funExpr(fromOp(op), fromExpr(child0), fromExpr(child1),
			     fromExpr(child2)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_funExpr3",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_funExprN(VC vc, Op op, Expr* children, int numChildren)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcExprs;
  for (int i = 0; i < numChildren; ++i) {
    cvcExprs.push_back(fromExpr(children[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->funExpr(fromOp(op), cvcExprs));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_funExprN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_ratExpr(VC vc, int n, int d)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->ratExpr(n, d));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_ratExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_ratExprFromStr(VC vc, char* n, char* d, int base)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->ratExpr(n, d, base));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_ratExprFromStr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_ratExprFromStr1(VC vc, char* n, int base)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->ratExpr(n, base));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_ratExprFromStr1",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_uminusExpr(VC vc, Expr child)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->uminusExpr(fromExpr(child)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_uminusExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_plusExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->plusExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_plusExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}

extern "C" Expr vc_plusExprN(VC vc, Expr* children, int numChildren)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcExprs;
  for (int i = 0; i < numChildren; ++i) {
    cvcExprs.push_back(fromExpr(children[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->plusExpr(cvcExprs));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_plusExprN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_minusExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->minusExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_minusExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_multExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->multExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_multExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_powExpr(VC vc, Expr pow, Expr base)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->powExpr(fromExpr(pow), fromExpr(base)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_powExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_divideExpr(VC vc, Expr numerator, Expr denominator)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->divideExpr(fromExpr(numerator), fromExpr(denominator)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_divideExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_ltExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->ltExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_ltExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_leExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->leExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_leExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_gtExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->gtExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_gtExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_geExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->geExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_geExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_recordExpr1(VC vc, char* field, Expr expr)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->recordExpr(field, fromExpr(expr)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_recordExpr1",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_recordExpr2(VC vc, char* field0, Expr expr0,
			              char* field1, Expr expr1)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->recordExpr(field0, fromExpr(expr0),
				field1, fromExpr(expr1)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_recordExpr2",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_recordExpr3(VC vc, char* field0, Expr expr0,
			              char* field1, Expr expr1,
			              char* field2, Expr expr2)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->recordExpr(field0, fromExpr(expr0),
				field1, fromExpr(expr1),
				field2, fromExpr(expr2)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_recordExpr3",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_recordExprN(VC vc, char** fields, Expr* exprs,
			       int numFields)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<std::string> cvcFields;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcExprs;
  for (int i = 0; i < numFields; ++i) {
    cvcFields.push_back(fields[i]);
    cvcExprs.push_back(fromExpr(exprs[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->recordExpr(cvcFields, cvcExprs));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_recordExprN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_recSelectExpr(VC vc, Expr record, char* field)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->recSelectExpr(fromExpr(record), field));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_recSelectExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_recUpdateExpr(VC vc, Expr record, char* field,
				 Expr newValue)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->recUpdateExpr(fromExpr(record), field,
				   fromExpr(newValue)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_recUpdateExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_readExpr(VC vc, Expr array, Expr index)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->readExpr(fromExpr(array), fromExpr(index)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_readExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_writeExpr(VC vc, Expr array, Expr index, Expr newValue)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->writeExpr(fromExpr(array), fromExpr(index),
			       fromExpr(newValue)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_writeExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_bv32Type(VC vc)
{
  return vc_bvType(vc, 32);
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvConstExprFromStr(VC vc, char* binary_repr)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->parseExpr(cvc->listExpr("_BVCONST", cvc->stringExpr(binary_repr))));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvConstExpr",error_int, ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvConstExprFromInt(VC vc, int n_bits, unsigned int value)
{
  char* s = val_to_binary_str(n_bits, value);
  return vc_bvConstExprFromStr(vc, s);
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bv32ConstExprFromInt(VC vc, unsigned int value)
{
  return vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc, 32, value);
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvConstExprFromLL(VC vc, int n_bits, unsigned long value)
{
  char* s = val_to_binary_str(n_bits, value);
  return vc_bvConstExprFromStr(vc, s);
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvConcatExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right) {
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newConcatExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception &ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvConcatExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvConcatExprN(VC vc, Expr* children, int numChildren) {
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcExprs;
  for (int i = 0; i < numChildren; ++i) {
    cvcExprs.push_back(fromExpr(children[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->newConcatExpr(cvcExprs));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception &ex){
    signal_error("vc_concatExprN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvExtract(VC vc, Expr child, int high_bit_no, int low_bit_no)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVExtractExpr(fromExpr(child), high_bit_no, low_bit_no));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvExtract",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvBoolExtract(VC vc, Expr child, int bit_no)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  CVC3::Expr lExpr = cvc->listExpr("_BOOLEXTRACT", fromExpr(child), cvc->ratExpr(bit_no));
  return toExpr(cvc->parseExpr(lExpr));

  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvBoolExtract",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvNotExpr(VC vc, Expr child)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVNegExpr(fromExpr(child)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvNotExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvAndExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVAndExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvAndExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvOrExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVOrExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvOrExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvXorExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVXorExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvXorExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvLtExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVLTExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvLtExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvLeExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVLEExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvLeExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvGtExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  CVC3::Expr lExpr = cvc->listExpr("_BVGT", fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right));
  return toExpr(cvc->parseExpr(lExpr));

  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvGtExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvGeExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  CVC3::Expr lExpr = cvc->listExpr("_BVGE", fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right));
  return toExpr(cvc->parseExpr(lExpr));

  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvGeExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvSLtExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVSLTExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvSLtExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvSLeExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVSLEExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvSLeExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvSGtExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  CVC3::Expr lExpr = cvc->listExpr("_BVSGT", fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right));
  return toExpr(cvc->parseExpr(lExpr));

  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvSGtExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvSGeExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  CVC3::Expr lExpr = cvc->listExpr("_BVSGE", fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right));
  return toExpr(cvc->parseExpr(lExpr));

  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvSGeExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvSignExtend(VC vc, Expr child, int nbits)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newSXExpr(fromExpr(child), nbits));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvSignExtend",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvUMinusExpr(VC vc, Expr child)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVUminusExpr(fromExpr(child)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvUMinusExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvPlusExpr(VC vc, int n_bits, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> args;
  args.push_back(fromExpr(left));
  args.push_back(fromExpr(right));
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVPlusExpr(n_bits, args));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvPlusExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bv32PlusExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  return vc_bvPlusExpr(vc, 32, left, right);
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvMinusExpr(VC vc, int n_bits, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  CVC3::Expr lExpr = cvc->listExpr("_BVSUB", cvc->ratExpr(n_bits), fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right));
   return toExpr(cvc->parseExpr(lExpr));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvMinusExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bv32MinusExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  return vc_bvMinusExpr(vc, 32, left, right);
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvMultExpr(VC vc, int n_bits, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVMultExpr(n_bits, fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvMultExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bv32MultExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  return vc_bvMultExpr(vc, 32, left, right);
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvLeftShiftExpr(VC vc, int sh_amt, Expr child)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newFixedLeftShiftExpr(fromExpr(child), sh_amt));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvLeftShiftExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvRightShiftExpr(VC vc, int sh_amt, Expr child)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newFixedRightShiftExpr(fromExpr(child), sh_amt));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvRightShiftExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}

extern "C" Expr vc_bvUDivExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVUDivExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvUDivExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}

extern "C" Expr vc_bvURemExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVURemExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvURemExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}

extern "C" Expr vc_bvSDivExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVSDivExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvSDivExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}

extern "C" Expr vc_bvSRemExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVSRemExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvSRemExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}

extern "C" Expr vc_bvSModExpr(VC vc, Expr left, Expr right)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->newBVSModExpr(fromExpr(left), fromExpr(right)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvSModExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


/* Same as vc_bvLeftShift only that the answer in 32 bits long */
extern "C" Expr vc_bv32LeftShiftExpr(VC vc, int sh_amt, Expr child) {
  return vc_bvExtract(vc, vc_bvLeftShiftExpr(vc, sh_amt, child), 31, 0);
}


/* Same as vc_bvRightShift only that the answer in 32 bits long */
extern "C" Expr vc_bv32RightShiftExpr(VC vc, int sh_amt, Expr child) {
  return vc_bvExtract(vc, vc_bvRightShiftExpr(vc, sh_amt, child), 31, 0);
}

extern "C" Expr vc_bvVar32LeftShiftExpr(VC vc, Expr sh_amt, Expr child) {
  try{
  Expr ifpart;
  Expr thenpart;
  Expr elsepart = vc_trueExpr(vc);
  Expr ite = vc_trueExpr(vc);

  for(int count=32; count >= 0; count--){
    if(count != 32) {
      ifpart = vc_eqExpr(vc, sh_amt,
			 vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc, 32, count));
      thenpart = vc_bvExtract(vc,
			      vc_bvLeftShiftExpr(vc, count, child),
			      31, 0);

      ite = vc_iteExpr(vc,ifpart,thenpart,elsepart);
      elsepart = ite;
    } else {
      elsepart = vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc,32, 0);
    }
  }
  return ite;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvVar32LeftShiftExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvVar32DivByPowOfTwoExpr(VC vc, Expr child, Expr rhs) {
  try{
  Expr ifpart;
  Expr thenpart;
  Expr elsepart = vc_trueExpr(vc);
  Expr ite = vc_trueExpr(vc);

  for(int count=32; count >= 0; count--){
    if(count != 32) {
      ifpart = vc_eqExpr(vc, rhs,
			 vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc, 32, 1 << count));
      thenpart = vc_bvRightShiftExpr(vc, count, child);
      ite = vc_iteExpr(vc,ifpart,thenpart,elsepart);
      elsepart = ite;
    } else {
      elsepart = vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc,32, 0);
    }
  }
  return ite;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvVar32DivByPowOfTwoExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvVar32RightShiftExpr(VC vc, Expr sh_amt, Expr child)
{
  try{
  Expr ifpart;
  Expr thenpart;
  Expr elsepart = vc_trueExpr(vc);
  Expr ite = vc_trueExpr(vc);

  for(int count=32; count >= 0; count--){
    if(count != 32) {
      ifpart = vc_eqExpr(vc, sh_amt,
			 vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc, 32, count));
      thenpart = vc_bvRightShiftExpr(vc, count, child);
      ite = vc_iteExpr(vc,ifpart,thenpart,elsepart);
      elsepart = ite;
    } else {
      elsepart = vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc,32, 0);
    }
  }
  return ite;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_bvVar32LeftShiftExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


/* C pointer support: C interface to support C memory arrays in CVC3 */
extern "C" Expr vc_bvCreateMemoryArray(VC vc, char * arrayName) {
  Type bv8  = vc_bvType(vc,8);
  Type bv32 = vc_bvType(vc,32);

  Type malloced_mem0 = vc_arrayType(vc,bv32,bv8);
  return vc_varExpr(vc, arrayName, malloced_mem0);
}

/*OLD VERSIONS C pointer theory functions. DO NOT DELETE */

// //Warning: Type checking needed to ensure that the function is run
// //correctly is not being done. it is assumed that the function
// //recieves inputs of the correct types
// extern "C" Expr vc_bvReadMemoryArray(VC vc,
// 				     Expr array,
// 				     Expr byteIndex, int newBitsPerElem) {
//   DebugAssert(newBitsPerElem%8 == 0,
// 	      "new bits per element must be a multiple of 8\n");

//   Expr numerator = vc_bvMultExpr(vc,32,
// 				 vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc,32,newBitsPerElem),
// 				 byteIndex);
//   int numOfBytes = newBitsPerElem/8;
//   DebugAssert(numOfBytes > 0,
// 	      "numOfBytes must be greater than 0");

//   if(numOfBytes == 1)
//     return vc_readExpr(vc,array,numerator);
//   else {
//     int count = 1;
//     Expr a = vc_readExpr(vc,array,numerator);
//     while(--numOfBytes > 0) {
//       Expr b = vc_readExpr(vc,array,
// 			   vc_bvPlusExpr(vc,32,numerator,vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc,32,count)));
//       a = vc_bvConcatExpr(vc,a,b);
//       count++;
//     }
//     return a;
//   }
// }

// extern "C" Expr vc_bvWriteToMemoryArray(VC vc,
// 					Expr array, Expr byteIndex,
// 					Expr element, int newBitsPerElem) {
//   DebugAssert(newBitsPerElem%8 == 0,
// 	      "new bits per element must be a multiple of 8\n");

//   Expr numerator = vc_bvMultExpr(vc,32,
// 				 vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc,32,newBitsPerElem),
// 				 byteIndex);
//   int numOfBytes = newBitsPerElem/8;
//   DebugAssert(numOfBytes > 0,
// 	      "numOfBytes must be greater than 0");

//   if(numOfBytes == 1)
//     return vc_writeExpr(vc,array,numerator, element);
//   else {
//     int count = 1;
//     int hi = newBitsPerElem - 1;
//     int low = newBitsPerElem - 8;
//     Expr c = vc_bvExtract(vc,element,hi,low);
//     Expr newarray = vc_writeExpr(vc,array,numerator,c);
//     while(--numOfBytes > 0) {
//       hi = low-1;
//       low = low-8;
//       c = vc_bvExtract(vc,element,hi,low);
//       newarray = vc_writeExpr(vc,newarray,numerator,c);
//       count++;
//     }
//     return newarray;
//   }
// }


extern "C" Expr vc_bvReadMemoryArray(VC vc,
				     Expr array,
				     Expr byteIndex, int numOfBytes) {

  DebugAssert(0 < numOfBytes,
	      "number of Bytes must be greater than 0\n");

  if(numOfBytes == 1)
    return vc_readExpr(vc,array,byteIndex);
  else {
    int count = 1;
    Expr a = vc_readExpr(vc,array,byteIndex);
    while(--numOfBytes > 0) {
      Expr b = vc_readExpr(vc,array,
			   /*vc_simplify(vc, */
				       vc_bvPlusExpr(vc, 32,
						     byteIndex,
						     vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc,32,count)))/*)*/;
      a = vc_bvConcatExpr(vc,b,a);
      count++;
    }
    return a;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_bvWriteToMemoryArray(VC vc,
					Expr array, Expr byteIndex,
					Expr element, int numOfBytes) {
  DebugAssert(numOfBytes > 0,
	      "numOfBytes must be greater than 0");

  //int newBitsPerElem = numOfBytes*8;
  if(numOfBytes == 1)
    return vc_writeExpr(vc, array, byteIndex, element);
  else {
    int count = 1;
    //int hi = newBitsPerElem - 1;
    //int low = newBitsPerElem - 8;
    int low_elem = 0;
    int hi_elem = low_elem + 7;
    Expr c = vc_bvExtract(vc, element, hi_elem, low_elem);
    Expr newarray = vc_writeExpr(vc, array, byteIndex, c);
    while(--numOfBytes > 0) {
      //hi = low-1;
      //low = low-8;

      low_elem = low_elem + 8;
      hi_elem = low_elem + 7;

      c = vc_bvExtract(vc, element, hi_elem, low_elem);
      newarray =
	vc_writeExpr(vc, newarray,
		     vc_bvPlusExpr(vc, 32, byteIndex, vc_bvConstExprFromInt(vc,32,count)),
		     c);
      count++;
    }
    return newarray;
  }
}

extern "C" Expr vc_tupleExprN(VC vc, Expr* children, int numChildren)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcExprs;
  for (int i = 0; i < numChildren; ++i) {
    cvcExprs.push_back(fromExpr(children[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->tupleExpr(cvcExprs));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_tupleExprN",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_tupleSelectExpr(VC vc, Expr tuple, int index)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->tupleSelectExpr(fromExpr(tuple), index));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_tupleSelectExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_tupleUpdateExpr(VC vc, Expr tuple, int index, Expr newValue)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->tupleUpdateExpr(fromExpr(tuple), index,
                                     fromExpr(newValue)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_tupleUpdateExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_datatypeConsExpr(VC vc, char* constructor,
                                    int numArgs, Expr* args)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcArgs;
  for (int i = 0; i < numArgs; ++i) {
    cvcArgs.push_back(fromExpr(args[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->datatypeConsExpr(constructor, cvcArgs));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_datatypeConsExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_datatypeSelExpr(VC vc, char* selector, Expr arg)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->datatypeSelExpr(selector, fromExpr(arg)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_datatypeSelExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_datatypeTestExpr(VC vc, char* constructor, Expr arg)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->datatypeTestExpr(constructor, fromExpr(arg)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_datatypeTestExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_boundVarExpr(VC vc, char* name, char *uid, Type type)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->boundVarExpr(name, uid, fromType(type)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getEM",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Type vc_forallExpr(VC vc, Expr* Bvars, int numBvars, Expr f)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcBvars;
  for (int i = 0; i < numBvars; ++i) {
    cvcBvars.push_back(fromExpr(Bvars[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->forallExpr(cvcBvars,fromExpr(f)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_forallExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}

// triggers must be an array of listExpr
// each listExpr represent a trigger
// if a listExpr contains more than one Expr, then it is a multi-trigger
extern "C" void vc_setTriggers(VC vc, Expr e, int numTrigs, Expr* triggers)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<vector<CVC3::Expr> >cvcTriggers;
  for (int i = 0; i < numTrigs; ++i) {
    vector<CVC3::Expr> curTrig;
    CVC3::Expr trigExpr = fromExpr(triggers[i]);
    if(trigExpr.isRawList()){
      for(int j = 0 ; j < trigExpr.arity(); j++){
       curTrig.push_back(trigExpr[j]);
      }
    }
    else{
      curTrig.push_back(trigExpr);
    }
    cvcTriggers.push_back(curTrig);
  } 
  
  cvc->setTriggers(fromExpr(e), cvcTriggers);
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_setTriggers",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_existsExpr(VC vc, Expr* Bvars, int numBvars, Expr f)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcBvars;
  for (int i = 0; i < numBvars; ++i) {
    cvcBvars.push_back(fromExpr(Bvars[i]));
  }
  return toExpr(cvc->existsExpr(cvcBvars,fromExpr(f)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_existsExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Op vc_lambdaExpr(VC vc, int numVars, Expr* vars, Expr body)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcVars;
  for (int i = 0; i < numVars; ++i) {
    cvcVars.push_back(fromExpr(vars[i]));
  }
  return toOp(vc, cvc->lambdaExpr(cvcVars, fromExpr(body)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_lambdaExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Context-related methods                                                 //
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


extern "C" void vc_setResourceLimit(VC vc, unsigned limit)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  cvc->setResourceLimit(limit);
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_setResourceLimit",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_assertFormula(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  cvc->assertFormula(fromExpr(e));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_assertFormula",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_registerAtom(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    cvc->registerAtom(fromExpr(e));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_registerAtom",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getImpliedLiteral(VC vc)
{
  try {
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    return toExpr(cvc->getImpliedLiteral());
  } catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getImpliedLiteral",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_simplify(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->simplify(fromExpr(e)));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_simplify",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" int vc_query(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return (int)cvc->query(fromExpr(e));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_query",error_int,ex);
    return error_int;
  }
}


extern "C" int vc_checkContinue(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return (int)cvc->checkContinue();
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_checkContinue",error_int,ex);
    return error_int;
  }
}


extern "C" int vc_restart(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return (int)cvc->restart(fromExpr(e));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_restart",error_int,ex);
    return error_int;
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_returnFromCheck(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  cvc->returnFromCheck();
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_returnFromCheck",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" Expr* vc_getUserAssumptions(VC vc, int* size)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcAssumptions;
  cvc->getUserAssumptions(cvcAssumptions);
  Expr* assumptions = new Expr[cvcAssumptions.size()];
  unsigned n = 0;
  for (; n < cvcAssumptions.size(); ++n) {
    assumptions[n] = toExpr(cvcAssumptions[n]);
  }
  *size = int(n);
  return assumptions;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getUserAssumptions",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr* vc_getInternalAssumptions(VC vc, int* size)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcAssumptions;
  cvc->getInternalAssumptions(cvcAssumptions);
  Expr* assumptions = new Expr[cvcAssumptions.size()];
  unsigned n = 0;
  for (; n < cvcAssumptions.size(); ++n) {
    assumptions[n] = toExpr(cvcAssumptions[n]);
  }
  *size = int(n);
  return assumptions;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getInternalAssumptions",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr* vc_getAssumptions(VC vc, int* size)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcAssumptions;
  cvc->getAssumptions(cvcAssumptions);
  Expr* assumptions = new Expr[cvcAssumptions.size()];
  unsigned n = 0;
  for (; n < cvcAssumptions.size(); ++n) {
    assumptions[n] = toExpr(cvcAssumptions[n]);
  }
  *size = int(n);
  return assumptions;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getAssumptions",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}

//yeting, this is for proof translation,
extern "C" Expr vc_getProofAssumptions(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcAssumptions;
  cvc->getUserAssumptions(cvcAssumptions);
  return toExpr(cvc->listExpr(cvcAssumptions));
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getProofAssumptions",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}

//yeting, this is for proof translation
extern "C" Expr vc_getProofQuery(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->getProofQuery());
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getProofQuery",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr* vc_getAssumptionsUsed(VC vc, int* size)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcAssumptions;
  cvc->getAssumptionsUsed(cvcAssumptions);
  Expr* assumptions = new Expr[cvcAssumptions.size()];
  unsigned n = 0;
  for (; n < cvcAssumptions.size(); ++n) {
    assumptions[n] = toExpr(cvcAssumptions[n]);
  }
  *size = int(n);
  return assumptions;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getAssumptionsUsed",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr* vc_getCounterExample(VC vc, int* size)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcAssumptions;
  cvc->getCounterExample(cvcAssumptions);
  Expr* assumptions = new Expr[cvcAssumptions.size()];
  unsigned n = 0;
  for (; n < cvcAssumptions.size(); ++n) {
    assumptions[n] = toExpr(cvcAssumptions[n]);
  }
  *size = int(n);
  return assumptions;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getCounterExample",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr* vc_getConcreteModel(VC vc, int* size)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  CVC3::ExprMap<CVC3::Expr> assertions;
  cvc->getConcreteModel(assertions);
  Expr* locAssumptions = new Expr[assertions.size()];
  int n = 0;
  CVC3::ExprMap<CVC3::Expr>::iterator it = assertions.begin(), end = assertions.end();
  for (; it != end; it++) {
    locAssumptions[n] = toExpr(cvc->eqExpr(it->first, it->second));
    n++;
  }
  *size = n;
  return locAssumptions;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getConcreteModel",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" int vc_inconsistent(VC vc, Expr** assumptions, int* size)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> assertions;
  bool ret = cvc->inconsistent(assertions);
  Expr* locAssumptions = new Expr[assertions.size()];
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < assertions.size(); ++i) {
    locAssumptions[i] = toExpr(assertions[i]);
  }
  *assumptions = locAssumptions;
  *size = assertions.size();
  return (int)ret;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_inconsistent",error_int,ex);
    return 0;
  }
}


extern "C" char* vc_incomplete(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<string> reasons;
  bool ret = cvc->incomplete(reasons);
  if (!ret) return NULL;
  string allReasons = "";
  for (unsigned i = 0; i < reasons.size(); ++i) {
    allReasons += '\n';
    allReasons += reasons[i];
  }
  char* retStr = new char[allReasons.length()+1];
  allReasons.copy(retStr, allReasons.length());
  retStr[allReasons.length()] = '\0';
  return retStr;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_incomplete",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getProof(VC vc)
{
  signal_error("vc_getProofTCC",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return NULL;
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getProofOfFile(VC vc, char* fileName){
  signal_error("vc_getProofTCC",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return NULL;
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getTCC(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->getTCC());
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getTCC",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr* vc_getAssumptionsTCC(VC vc, int* size)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  vector<CVC3::Expr> cvcAssumptions;
  cvc->getAssumptionsTCC(cvcAssumptions);
  Expr* assumptions = new Expr[cvcAssumptions.size()];
  unsigned n = 0;
  for (; n < cvcAssumptions.size(); ++n) {
    assumptions[n] = toExpr(cvcAssumptions[n]);
  }
  *size = int(n);
  return assumptions;
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getAssumptionsTCC",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getProofTCC(VC vc)
{
  signal_error("vc_getProofTCC",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return NULL;
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getClosure(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return toExpr(cvc->getClosure());
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getClosure",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getProofClosure(VC vc)
{
  signal_error("vc_getProofTCC",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return NULL;
}


extern "C" int vc_stackLevel(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return cvc->stackLevel();
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_stackLevel",error_int,ex);
    return 0;
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_push(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  cvc->push();
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_push",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_pop(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  cvc->pop();
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_pop",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_popto(VC vc, int stackLevel)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  cvc->popto(stackLevel);
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_popto",error_int,ex);
  }
}


extern "C" Context vc_getCurrentContext(VC vc)
{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  return (Context)cvc->getCurrentContext();
}


// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  Util
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------


extern "C" int vc_compare_exprs(Expr e1,Expr e2){
  try{
    return (compare(fromExpr(e1),fromExpr(e2)));
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_compare_exprs",error_int,ex);
    return error_int;
  }
}


extern "C" const char* vc_exprString(Expr e){
  try{
    tmpString =(fromExpr(e)).toString();
    return tmpString.c_str();
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_exprString",error_int,ex);
    return "ERROR";
  }
}


extern "C" const char* vc_typeString(Type t){
  try{
    tmpString = (fromExpr(t)).toString();
    return tmpString.c_str();
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_typeString",error_int,ex);
    return "ERROR";
  }
}


extern "C" bool vc_isClosure(Expr e){
  signal_error("vc_isClosure",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return false;
}


extern "C" bool vc_isQuantifier(Expr e){
  signal_error("vc_isQuantifier",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return false;
}


extern "C" bool vc_isLambda(Expr e){
  signal_error("vc_isLambda",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return false;
}


extern "C" bool vc_isVar(Expr e){
  try{
    return (fromExpr(e)).isVar();
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_isVar",error_int,ex);
    return false;
  }
}


extern "C" int vc_arity(Expr e){
  try{
    return (fromExpr(e)).arity();
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_arity",error_int,ex);
    return error_int;
  }
}


extern "C" int vc_getKind(Expr e){
  try{
    return (fromExpr(e)).getKind();
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getKind",error_int,ex);
    return error_int;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getChild(Expr e, int i){
  try{
    return toExpr(((fromExpr(e))[i]));
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getChild",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" int vc_getNumVars(Expr e){
  signal_error("vc_getNumVars",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return 0;
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getVar(Expr e, int i){
  signal_error("vc_getVar",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return 0;
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getBody(Expr e){
  signal_error("vc_getBody",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return 0;
}

extern "C" Expr vc_getExistential(Expr e){
  signal_error("vc_getExistential",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return 0;
}


extern "C" Expr vc_getFun(VC vc, Expr e)
{
  try{
    return toExpr((fromExpr(e)).getOp().getExpr());
  }catch(CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getFun",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" Expr vc_toExpr(Type t){
  try{
    return toExpr(fromExpr(t));
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_toExpr",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" const char* vc_getKindString(VC vc,int kind)
{
  try{
  tmpString = CVC4::kind::kindToString(CVC4::Kind(kind));
  return tmpString.c_str();
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getKindString",error_int,ex);
    return NULL;
  }
}


extern "C" int vc_getKindInt(VC vc,char* kind_name)
{
  signal_error("vc_getKindInt",error_int,CVC3::Exception("Unimplemented"));
  return 0;
}


extern "C" int vc_getInt(Expr e){
  try{
    CVC3::Expr ex = fromExpr(e);
    return int(ex.getConst<CVC3::Rational>().getNumerator().getLong());
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getInt",error_int,ex);
    return error_int;
  }
}


extern "C" int vc_getBVInt(VC vc, Expr e){
  try{
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    return int(cvc->computeBVConst(fromExpr(e)).getNumerator().getLong());
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getBVInt",error_int,ex);
    return 0;
  }
}


extern "C" unsigned int vc_getBVUnsigned(VC vc, Expr e){
  try{
    CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
    return unsigned(cvc->computeBVConst(fromExpr(e)).getNumerator().getUnsignedLong());
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_getBVUnsigned",error_int,ex);
    return 0;
  }
}


extern "C" void vc_print_statistics(VC vc)
{
  try{
  CVC3::ValidityChecker* cvc = (CVC3::ValidityChecker*) vc;
  cvc->printStatistics();
  } catch (CVC3::Exception ex){
    signal_error("vc_print_statistics",error_int,ex);
  }
}